Transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients whose kidneys have failed, providing superior survival, better quality of life and lower health-care system costs (<$20,000/year vs. > $90,000) compared with dialysis. However, a severe form of rejection (known as antibody-mediated rejection, or AMR) causes premature loss of the transplant kidney in as many as 30 per cent of transplant recipients, or 500 Canadians every year, prompting a return to dialysis and often early death.



